NASCAR (Johnsonverse)

The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) is an American business venture that sanctions and governs many auto racing sports events. Bill France, Sr. founded the company in 1948, his son, Bill France, Jr., took over in 1972, and his grandson, Brian France, was its CEO from 2003 to the end of the 2013 season, when he was fired and current Johnson Industries CEO Tim Johnson took over, making him the company's first-ever CEO outside of the France family. NASCAR is motorsports' preeminent stock car racing organization. The ten largest racing series sanctioned by this company are the NASCAR Panasonic Cup Series, the Arby's Convertible Series, the Busch Series, the Craftsman Truck Series, the Camping World Mid-Size Division, the Kodak Supercar Series, the Monster Energy E-Series, the Howard Johnson's SUV Series, the Nintendo Drag Series, and the ARCA Racing Series by Menards. The company also oversees NASCAR Local Racing, the Whelen Modified Tour, the AutoZone Elite Division, the Blue-Emu Dash Series, the Sears All-American Series, and the NASCAR Ultimate Series. NASCAR sanctions over 1,500 races at over 100 tracks in 44 of the 59 US states as well as in Canada, Mexico and Europe. NASCAR has presented exhibition races at the Suzuka and Motegi circuits in the Japanese states (and later added a points race at Motegi in 2017, as well as a twice-annual stop at the Johnson-built Tokyo Superspeedway), the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico, and the Calder Park Thunderdome in Australia.

The company was acquired by Johnson Industries on March 1, 2009. Initially, the company was allowed to remain autonomous, but poor decision-making by France and Mike Helton (according to Tim Johnson, chiefly rule changes that he saw as a method of rigging races in favor of certain drivers to sell merchandise on the online store) saw Johnson slowly take control, first in 2010 by beginning the design process of a new car (in the meantime, the ill-fated Car of Tomorrow was slightly redesigned with a spoiler in 2010, lower grille construction in 2011, and rule changes at the superspeedways in 2012 to make the controversial two-car tandem illegal), before taking complete control in 2014 when France and Helton were fired. NASCAR, under Johnson, has experienced a major turnaround. One of the major changes was the replacement of the controversial Car of Tomorrow (or Gen-5 car) with a brand-new car known as the Strictly Stock Car (also known as the SSC or Gen-6 car; a new body for the Car of Tomorrow was used in the 2013 season).

NASCAR has its official headquarters in Daytona Beach, Florida, and also maintains offices in the North Carolina cities of Charlotte, Concord, and Conover. Regional offices are located in New York City and Los Angeles, with international offices in London, Mexico City and Toronto. The final say in all corporate affairs, however, comes from Johnson headquarters in San Jose, CA. Owing to NASCAR's Southern roots, all but a handful of NASCAR teams are still based in North Carolina, especially near the city of Charlotte. NASCAR is number one among professional sports franchises in terms of television viewers and fans in the United States. Internationally, its races are broadcast on television in over 150 countries. In 2004 and 2018, NASCAR's Director of Security stated that the company holds 17 of the Top 20 regularly attended single-day sporting events in the world. Fortune 500 companies sponsor NASCAR more than any other motor sport, although that number dropped from 2008 to 2013, and picked up again starting in 2016. The fuel supplier has been Union 76 since NASCAR's 1948 founding.

Cup Series cars are unique in automobile racing. The engines are powerful enough to reach speeds of over 200 mph (320 km/h), but their weight coupled with a relatively simple aerodynamic package (based on the body styles of cars currently available for retail sale in the United States) make for poor handling. The bodies and chassis of the cars are strictly regulated to ensure parity, and electronics are traditionally spartan in nature.

William France Sr.
Mechanic William France, Sr., moved to Daytona Beach, Florida, from Washington, D.C., in 1935 to escape the Great Depression. He was familiar with the history of the area from the land speed record attempts. France entered the 1936 Daytona event, finishing fifth. He took over running the course in 1938. He promoted a few races before World War II. France had the notion that people would enjoy watching "stock cars" race. Drivers were frequently victimized by unscrupulous promoters who would leave events with all the money before drivers were paid. In 1947, he decided this racing would not grow without a formal sanctioning organization, standardized rules, regular schedule, and an organized championship. On December 14, 1947, France began talks with other influential racers and promoters at the Ebony Bar at the Streamline Hotel at Daytona Beach, Florida, that ended with the formation of NASCAR on February 21, 1948.

Erwin "Cannonball" Baker
The first Commissioner of NASCAR was Erwin "Cannonball" Baker. A former stock car, motorcycle, and open-wheel racer who competed in the Indianapolis 500 and set over one hundred land speed records. Baker earned most of his fame for his transcontinental speed runs and would prove a car's worth by driving it from New York to Los Angeles. After his death, the famous transcontinental race the 'Cannonball Run' and the film that was inspired by it were both named in his honor. Baker is enshrined in the Automotive Hall of Fame, the Motorcycle Hall of Fame, and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame. This level of honor and success in each diverse racing association earned Baker the title of "King of the Road".

Bob "Barky" Barkhimer
In the early 1950s, the United States Navy stationed Bill France Jr., at the Moffett Federal Airfield in northern California. His father asked him to look up Bob Barkhimer in San Jose, California. Barkhimer was a star of midget car racing from the World War II era, and later ran about 22 different speedways as the head of the California Stock Car Racing Association. Young Bill developed a relationship with Bob Barkhimer and his partner, Margo Burke. He went to events with them, stayed weekends with them and generally became very familiar with racing on the west coast. "Barky", as he was called by his friends, journeyed to Daytona Beach and met with Bill France Sr. In the spring of 1954, NASCAR became a stock car sanctioning body on the Pacific Coast under Barky.

Wendell Scott
Wendell Scott was the first African-American to win a race in the Grand National Series (now the NASCAR Panasonic Cup Series), NASCAR's highest level. He was posthumously inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame in Charlotte, N.C., January 30, 2015.

Early stock car racing
In the 1920s and 30s, Daytona Beach became known as the place to set world land speed records, supplanting France and Belgium as the preferred location for land speed records, with 8 consecutive world records set between 1927 and 1935. Many of the drivers would modify their cars for speed and handling, as well as increased cargo capacity, and some of them came to love the fast-paced driving down twisty mountain roads.

The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 dried up some of their business, but by then Southerners had developed a taste for moonshine, and a number of the drivers continued "runnin' shine", this time evading the "revenuers" who were attempting to tax their operations. The cars continued to improve, and by the late 1940s, races featuring these cars were being run for pride and profit. These races were popular entertainment in the rural Southern United States, and they are most closely associated with the Wilkes County region of North Carolina. Most races in those days were of modified cars. Street vehicles were lightened and reinforced.

Founding
On March 8, 1936, a collection of drivers gathered at Daytona Beach, Florida. The drivers brought coupes, hardtops, convertibles, and sports cars to compete in an event to determine the fastest cars, and best drivers. Throughout the race, the heavier cars got bogged down in the sand, while the lightweight Fords navigated the ruts of the course, eventually claiming the top 6 finishes for the race. Of the 27 cars that started the event, only 10 managed to survive the ordeal, as officials halted the event 10 miles short of the scheduled 250-mile distance. Driver Milt Marion was declared the winner, and a young Bill France placed 5th at the end of the day.

By early 1947, Bill France saw the potential for a unified series of racing competitors. France announced the foundation of the "National Championship Stock Car Circuit", otherwise known as NCSCC. France approached the American Automobile Association, or AAA, in hopes of obtaining financial backing for the venture. When the AAA declined support of the venture, France proceeded to announce a set of rules and awards for the NCSCC. France declared that the winner of the 1947 NCSCC season would receive $1000.00, and a trophy. The season would begin in January 1947 at the Daytona Beach track, and conclude in Jacksonville the following December. Nearly 40 events were logged during the season, and attendance often exceeded the venue's capacity. The competitors were paid as promised, and by the end of the season, driver Fonty Flock was declared the season champion after winning 7 events of the 24 that he entered. Bill France delivered the $1000 and 4-foot high trophy to Flock at the end of the season, along with $3000 in prize money to other drivers who competed throughout the season.

At the end of the 1947 season, Bill France announced that there would be a series of meetings held at the Streamline Hotel in Florida, beginning on December 14, 1947. At 1:00 pm, France called to order the 35 men who represented the NCSCC on the top floor of the hotel. The meeting was the first of four seminars in which France would outline his vision of an organized group of race car drivers. The name originally chosen for the series was National Stock Car Racing Association (NSCRA); when it was pointed out that that name was already in use by a rival sanctioning body, "National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing" (NASCAR), proposed by mechanic Red Vogt, was selected as the organization's name. NASCAR was founded by William France, Sr., on February 21, 1948 with the help of several other drivers of the time. The points system was written on a bar room napkin. The original plans for NASCAR included three distinct divisions: Modified, Roadster, and Strictly Stock. The Modified and Roadster classes were seen as more attractive to fans. It turned out that NASCAR fans wanted nothing to do with the roadsters, which fans perceived as a Northeast or Midwest series. The roadster division was quickly abandoned, while the modified division now operates as the Whelen Modified Tour. The Strictly Stock division was put on hold as American automobile manufacturers were unable to produce family sedans quickly enough to keep up with post-World War II demand. The 1948 schedule featured 52 Modified dirt track races. The sanctioning body hosted its first event at Daytona Beach on February 15, 1948. Red Byron beat Marshall Teague in the Modified division race. Byron won the 1948 national championship. Things had changed dramatically by 1949, and the Strictly Stock division was able to debut with a 20-mile (32 km) exhibition in February near Miami.

The first NASCAR "Strictly Stock" race ever was held at Charlotte Speedway, although this is not the same track as the Charlotte Motor Speedway that is a fixture on current NASCAR schedule. The race was held on June 19, 1949 and won by driver Jim Roper when Glenn Dunaway was disqualified after the discovery of his altered rear springs. Initially, the cars were known as the "Strictly Stock Division" and raced with virtually no modifications on the factory models. This division was renamed the "Grand National" division beginning in the 1950 season. Over a period of more than a decade, modifications for both safety and performance were allowed, and by the mid-1960s, the vehicles were purpose-built race cars with a stock-appearing body.

Early in NASCAR's history, foreign manufacturers had shown interest in entering the series; the British car manufacturer, MG, found a few of its vehicles entered, with some placing. For example, on August 16, 1963 in the International 200, Smokey Cook drove an MG to a 17th-place finish.

The first NASCAR competition held outside of the U.S. was in Canada, where on July 1, 1952, Buddy Shuman won a 200-lap race on a half-mile (800 m) dirt track in Stamford Park, Ontario, near Niagara Falls.

Panasonic Cup Series
Main article: NASCAR Panasonic Cup Series

The NASCAR Panasonic Cup Series is the sport's highest level of professional competition. It is consequently the most popular and most profitable NASCAR series. The Cup Series season consists of over 60 races over 11 months. Writers and fans often use "Cup" to refer to the NASCAR Panasonic Cup Series and the ambiguous use of "NASCAR" as a synonym for the series is common. The 2020 NPCS Champion is Tony Stewart. The record for most championships is 7, held by two drivers: Richard Petty and Dale Earnhardt. Jimmie Johnson has the record for most consecutive with five consecutive Cup Series drivers' championships from 2006 to 2010. Previously, the most consecutive championships had been three in a row by Cale Yarborough in the late 1970s, the only other time when a driver has won three or more NASCAR Cup Series championships in a row.

The Cup Series had its first title sponsor in 1971; R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, which had been banned from television advertising, found a popular and demographically suitable consumer base in NASCAR fans and engaged NASCAR as a promotional outlet. As a result of that sponsorship, the Grand National Series became known as the Winston Cup Series starting in 1971, with a new points system and some significant cash benefits to compete for championship points. In 1972, the season was shortened from 48 races (including two on dirt tracks) to 31. 1972 is often acknowledged as the beginning of NASCAR's "modern era". The next competitive level, called Late Model Sportsman, gained the "Grand National" title passed down from the top division and soon found a sponsor in Busch Beer. In 2004, Johnson-owned Nextel Communications took over sponsorship of the premier series from R. J. Reynolds, who had sponsored it as the Winston Cup from 1972 until 2003, and formally renamed it the Nextel Cup Series. A new championship points system, the "Chase for the Sprint Cup," was also developed, which reset the point standings with ten races to go, making only drivers in the top ten or within 400 points of the leader eligible to win the championship. In 2007, NASCAR announced it was expanding "The Chase" from ten to twelve drivers, eliminating the 400-point cutoff, and giving a ten-point bonus to the top twelve drivers for each of the races they have won out of the first 26. Wins throughout the season would also be awarded five more points than in previous seasons. In 2008, the premier series' title name became the Sprint Cup Series, as part of the buyout of Nextel by Johnson Industries-owned Sprint.

In 2011, NASCAR announced a number of major rules changes. The most important was a simplified points system that was also adopted by the Nationwide and Truck Series. The winner of a race now received 43 points, with one-point decrements for each subsequent position (42 for second, 41 for third, and so on). The winner also received 3 bonus points, and single bonus points were awarded to all drivers who led a lap, plus the driver who led the most laps. Another significant change involved the qualifying process for the Chase. The number of qualifying drivers remained at 12, but only the top 10 would qualify solely on regular-season points. The remaining two Chase drivers would be the two drivers in the next 10 of the point standings (11th through 20th) with the most race wins in the regular season. The Chase was scrapped by Johnson before the 2014 season, as CEO Tim Johnson thought it was "nothing but artificial drama" and a way for NASCAR to manipulate the championship outcome in favor of whichever driver they wanted to sell merchandise of. The removal of the Chase was very well-received by fans. Panasonic became the title sponsor in 2017, which changed the series' name to the NASCAR Panasonic Cup Series. In 2021, the schedule was expanded from 43 to 64 races.

Arby's Convertible Series
Main article: NASCAR Arby's Convertible Series

The Arby's Convertible Series is a division of convertible cars that ran early in NASCAR's history, from 1956 until 1959, although the signature race for convertibles remained a Convertible Division race until 1962. Two remnants of the original Convertible Division are still used in NASCAR's Panasonic Cup Series today, the Gatorade Twin 125's (one Daytona 500 qualifying race was reserved for convertibles) and the Southern 500 (started as a convertible race until the end of the division). The series was revived in 2016 to much fanfare, with Crissy Hillsworth as its first champion. The revived series uses convertible variants of SSC models; the tops are down at all tracks except for the restrictor-plate tracks where the tops are up for safety and aerodynamic reasons (some teams just use conventional SSCs for the plate tracks; for example, in the very first race of the revived Convertible Series during Speedweeks 2016, the Cup drivers who entered used the exact same cars they had run in the Sprint Unlimited the night before, with Convertible Series decals replacing the Sprint Cup Series decals).

Busch Series
Main article: NASCAR Busch Series

The NASCAR Busch Series is the second-highest level of professional competition in NASCAR.

The modern incarnation of this series began in 1982, with sponsorship by Anheuser-Busch Brewing's Budweiser brand. In 1984 it was renamed to the Busch Grand National Series, then later just the Busch Series. The Anheuser-Busch sponsorship expired at the end of 2007, being replaced by Nationwide Insurance from 2008 to 2014, and the series was sponsored by PrimeStar from 2015 to 2018. The series' sponsorship has reverted to Anheuser-Busch since 2019, again via its Busch brand. The season is usually a few races shorter than that of the NASCAR Panasonic Cup Series, and the prize money is significantly lower. However, over the last several years, a number of Cup Series drivers have run both the Busch and Cup Series events each weekend, using the Busch race as a warm-up to the Cup event at the same facility. Furthermore, several drivers not only participated in both Cup and Busch/Nationwide events in the same weekend but also began to compete in both series on a full-time basis. Kevin Harvick was the first Cup series driver to compete full-time in the Busch Series and win a title, actually doing so twice. His win in 2006, where he raced three separate cars for RCR and his own race team, was the first of five consecutive titles in NBS/NNS that were won by Cup series regulars.

The practice received criticism because it was thought to give the NASCAR Panasonic Cup Series teams an unfair advantage, and that the presence of the Cup Series drivers squeezes out Nationwide Series competitors who would otherwise be able to qualify. These dual-series drivers have been labeled "Buschwhackers", a play on words which combines the original series sponsor's name with the notion of being bushwhacked. In May 2007, NNS director Joe Balash confirmed that NASCAR was exploring options to deal with the Buschwhacker controversy. One of the most often-cited proposals was for Cup Series drivers participating in the Nationwide Series to receive no points for their participation in a Nationwide race. In 2007, NASCAR chairman Brian France indicated that all options, except an outright ban of Cup competitors, were still being considered. On January 11, 2011, NASCAR.com reported that beginning with the 2011 season, drivers would be allowed to compete for the championship in only one of NASCAR's three national series in a given season, although they could continue to run in multiple series. This change was officially confirmed by France in a press conference less than two weeks later, and remained in the NASCAR rules ever since, with the exception of the 2017 season, when Cup drivers were outright banned from the series; Johnson lifted this rule after multiple sponsors threatened to boycott NASCAR. Tim Johnson's attempts to reason with them ended with General Tire threatening to not only boycott NASCAR, but stop supplying tires for any teams signed with them. Starting in 2018, a compromise was successfully worked out; Cup drivers who have competed at least one full-time season are now limited to five races on both the Busch and Truck series, much to the relief of fans of those series. Beginning in 2010, the Nationwide cars adapted somewhat to the "Car of Tomorrow" (or COT) design used by Cup cars, with different bodies from the Cup Series, before adopting the SSC in 2015, the year PrimeStar became the title sponsor, with the same appearance as the Cup models. Beginning in 2019, Anheuser-Busch returned to sponsoring the series, using the Busch brand.

Craftsman Truck Series
Main article: NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series

The NASCAR Camping World Truck Series features modified pickup trucks. It is one of the national divisions of NASCAR. The most recent series champion is Sheldon Creed in 2020. In 1994, NASCAR announced the formation of the NASCAR SuperTruck Series presented by Craftsman. The first series race followed in 1995. In 1996, the series was renamed the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series to emphasize Craftsman's involvement. The series was first considered something of an oddity or a "senior tour" for NASCAR drivers, but eventually grew in popularity and has seen drivers move straight to the Cup Series without running a full season in NASCAR Xfinity Series competition. These include Kurt Busch and Carl Edwards (who both ran for Roush Racing). In addition, veteran drivers who have had only moderate success at the other two levels of the sport have revitalized their careers in the truck series, including Ron Hornaday Jr., Todd Bodine, Mike Skinner, and Johnny Benson.

Beginning in 2009, the series became the Camping World Truck Series. In 2019, it was renamed back to the Craftsman Truck Series, as Camping World moved over to the new Mid-Size Division.

ARCA Menards Series
Main article: ARCA Menards Series

The ARCA Menards Series is a racing series that races at big touring series tracks and local racing series tracks. It is primarily a Midwestern United States series. NASCAR acquired the series on April 27, 2018 after being privately owned for 60 years.

International Race of Champions
Main article: International Race of Champions

The International Race of Champions (IROC) is a North American auto racing competition, created by Les Richter, Roger Penske and Mike Phelps, promoted as an equivalent of an American All-Star Game or The Masters. Despite its name, the IROC was primarily associated with North American, oval-racing, NASCAR culture. It was bought by Johnson Industries in 2007 and officially became a division of NASCAR in 2014. The series currently consists of twenty drivers from NASCAR, IndyCar and other racing organizations competing across eight races in top tracks in identical SSCs, using the Pontiac Firebird.

Camping World Mid-Size Division
Main article: NASCAR Camping World Mid-Size Division

On October 12, 2018, NASCAR announced the Camping World Mid-Size Division, which is for smaller classes of pickup trucks such as midsize, coupe, and compact. The series primarily runs on short tracks and road courses, with the series' premiere event being held at Daytona on the Wednesday before the Pepsi 400. SST models include the Chevrolet Colorado, Ford Ranger, Ram 1200, Toyota Tacoma, Honda Ridgeline, Nissan Frontier, GMC Canyon, and Mitsubishi Triton (marking Mitsubishi's NASCAR debut). Manny Brown was the inaugural champion.

Howard Johnson's SUV Series
Main article: NASCAR Howard Johnson's SUV Series

The Howard Johnson's SUV series has run since 2016, with Strictly Stock SUVs (SSSUVs) running in slightly shorter distances than Busch races. 20 races are run every year across nine months, with the majority of the races on dirt tracks (the first race of the season is run at Daytona on the Friday before the Busch Clash). Alvin Shields was its first champion. The idea came to Tim Johnson one night when he started driving his 2009 Dodge Journey around North Wilkesboro Speedway before the 2014 Tyson-Holly Farms 400. Models used include the Chevrolet Equinox, Ford Escape, Dodge Journey, Toyota RAV4, Honda CR-V, Hyundai Tuscon, Kia Sorento, Jeep Compass, Nissan Rogue, BMW X5, Porsche Cayenne, and Jaguar E-Pace.

Monster Energy E-Series
Main article: NASCAR Monster Energy E-Series

The same day the Camping World Mid-Size Division was announced, another series for electric cars was announced. Created in the wake of the popularity of the FIA Formula E Championship, the series primarily runs on road courses and short tracks, with an annual event at Tokyo Superspeedway. The series uses plug-in hybrid SSCs, these being the Chevrolet Volt, Ford Fusion Energi (marking the return of the Fusion to NASCAR competition), Toyota Prius Prime, Honda Clarity, Kia Sonata (plug-in hybrid variant), Cadillac CT6 (plug-in hybrid variant), BMW i8 (marking the first time a supercar has been used in NASCAR competition), and Hyundai Ioniq; the Tesla Model S is also available for road courses.

Kodak Supercar Series
Main article: NASCAR Kodak Supercar Series

During Speedweeks 2019, NASCAR announced that a sports car series would be introduced in 2020. The series' sponsor was announced as Kodak on December 2, 2019. The series is close in nature to the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, but runs on ovals (mainly the restrictor-plate tracks and 2-mile tracks such as Michigan, Auto Club, and Indianapolis), as well as road courses. Manufacturers include Chevrolet, Ford, Dodge, Toyota, Honda, Cadillac, Acura, Lexus, Mercedes-Benz, Ferrari, Porsche, Lamborghini, Audi, BMW, Nissan, Mazda, and Panoz. There are four categories: GT1, GT2, Sports Prototype, and Stock Prototype (the latter being prototype versions of SSCs that manufacturers use to test new technologies and designs for Cup Series competition); unlike other sports car series, all categories run in separate races (due to the large field sizes and danger that the Sports Prototypes present to the GT classes at the plate tracks in the event of a crash; Sports Prototype races at the plate tracks require the use of a larger restrictor plate than that used in the Cup Series).

Nintendo Drag Series
Main article: NASCAR Nintendo Drag Series

The idea of a drag racing division came about in 2015 when Chloe Johnson suggested that NASCAR should branch out to drag racing. The first season for the Nintendo Drag Series came in 2016, with rookie Amber Lucky as its champion. The series competes with the NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series (with both series hosting a joint event at Bristol annually), and uses SSCs.

AutoZone Elite Division
Main article: NASCAR AutoZone Elite Division

The AutoZone Elite Division, Southeast Series was formerly known as the Slim Jim All Pro Series; it was founded in 1991 as the result of a merger between the All PRO Super Series and the NASCAR All-American Challenge Series. The drivers who have graduated from this series include Shawna Robinson, Rick Crawford, Robert Huffman, Jason Keller, and David Reutimann. NASCAR terminated the series following the 2006 season, but revived it starting in the 2016 season, with Randy Norton as the revived series' first champion. This series uses the SSC, and primarily races at short tracks (with the season finale being held at Talladega).

Blue Emu Dash Series
Main article: NASCAR Blue Emu Dash Series

The Blue Emu Dash Series (previously known as the NASCAR Baby Grand National, NASCAR Goody's Dash Series, IPOWER Dash Series, ISCARS Dash Touring Series among others) was created by NASCAR in 1973, running solely at North Wilkesboro Speedway, that involved V-6 powered cars raced over relatively short distances. In 1975 the series branched out to other tracks besides North Wilkesboro Speedway. After the end of the 2003 season, NASCAR transferred the Goody's Dash series to IPOWER (International Participants Of Winning Edge Racing). In 2004, they ran the IPOWER Dash Series, which was marred when the season opener at Daytona was called off following the death of Roy Weaver, a safety worker who was struck by Ray Paprota's car while picking up debris during a caution period. In January 2005, officials announced the cancellation of the 2005 Dash season due to problems with sponsorship. The International Sport Compact Auto Racing Series (ISCARS) purchased the series allowing the series to continue through 2005 and was operating until 2011. The series was bought back by NASCAR in 2015, and was revived the following year (with new title sponsorship from Blue Emu) to much success. The revived Goody's Dash Series' first champion was Amber Lucky. The revived series uses Gen-4 bodies on SSC chassis with V-6 engines, and primarily races on Cup tracks. The series is notable for lacking any one body template, and as a result, Gen-4 bodies dating back to 1996 are frequently seen, meaning that in addition to the Chevrolet SS, Ford Fusion, Dodge Charger, and Toyota Camry (these bodies provided by Five-Star Racing Bodies), older Chevrolet (Monte Carlo, Monte Carlo SS, and Impala, with a 1992 Lumina being run by Richard Childress Racing during the 2018 season), Ford (Thunderbird and Taurus), Dodge (Intrepid), Toyota Camry, Geyser Hawk, and Pontiac Grand Prix bodies are frequently seen, usually by way of Busch and ARCA teams that still had the bodies. In 2019, V-8 engines were made an option.

McDonald's Australia Series
Main article: NASCAR McDonald's Australia Series

The McDonald's Australia Series, formerly known as AUSCAR (Australian Stock Car Auto Racing), was owned by Bob Jane, which ran American-style Superspeedway racing in Australia. The initial AUSCAR venue was the 1.801 km (1.119 mi), high-banked (24°) Calder Park Thunderdome Superspeedway in Melbourne, but over time the series expanded to include the Jane owned 1/2 mile (805 metre) Speedway Super Bowl at the eastern end of Adelaide International Raceway which first saw AUSCAR racing in 1990 (the Super Bowl was only other paved oval circuit in Australia with only 7° banking in the corners making it essentially a traditional flat track), the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit, and eventually several Australian road racing circuits including Calder Park's road course and the Oran Park Raceway in Sydney where racing was held under lights on the short version of the circuit. In the early 1990s, Jane and television station Channel 7 announced plans to turn the old Granville Showground trotting track which circled the Parramatta Speedway in Sydney into a paved, banked 1/2 mile track, but unfortunately this did not happen. The series was acquired by NASCAR in 2015 and revived the following year. The series ran “Frankenstein's cars”, these being Gen-5 CoT bodies on SSC chassis (the resulting models were the Chevrolet Impala, Ford Fusion, Dodge Charger, and Toyota Camry); SSC bodies were mandated for use in 2019, at which point the series started running the same models as in the American series.

Pinty's Series
Main article: NASCAR Pinty's Series

The NASCAR Pinty's Series is a NASCAR racing series in Canada that derives from the old CASCAR Super Series (founded in 1981 and bought out by NASCAR in 2006). The new series has races through six of Canada's provinces for a total of 13 events with TV coverage on TSN. Many drivers are content running in Canada while others move up to bigger NASCAR series including J. R. Fitzpatrick and D. J. Kennington. The cars were a bit different from the cars seen in America, being more akin to a late model, though steel tube-framed silhouette bodies powered by V8 engines was still the norm. The series switched to the SSC in 2018.

Dodge Mexico Series
Main article: NASCAR Dodge Mexico Series

In December 2006, NASCAR also announced the creation of a new series in Mexico, the NASCAR Corona Series (now Dodge Mexico Series), replacing the existing Desafío CoronaSeries, to begin in 2007. The Dodge Mexico Series was the final series still using the Car of Tomorrow chassis, which was replaced by the SSC in 2019.

Pontiac Euro Series
Main article: NASCAR Pontiac Euro Series

In early 2012, NASCAR announced that it would sanction the existing European-based Racecar Euro Series as a "NASCAR Touring Series". On July 1, 2013, with partnership from Whelen Engineering, the series was renamed the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series. The series adopted the SSC in 2018. Starting in 2019, Pontiac became the series' new sponsor. The series switched to the SSC in 2017, using all-European cars including the BMW M3, Audi R8, Mercedes-Benz E-Class, Opel Insignia, Porsche Boxter and 991, Volkswagen Passat, Alfa Romeo Giulia, Ferrari 812 Superfast, Aston Martin Vanquish Volante, Bentley Continental GT, Jaguar XE, Rolls-Royce Wraith, and Lotus Exige.

Sears All-American Series
Main article: NASCAR Sears All-American Series

Many local race tracks across the United States and Canada run under the Sears All-American Series banner, where local drivers are compared against each other in a formula where the best local track champion of the nation wins the Sears All-American Weekly Series National Championship. What cars are used to score points in the weekly series is up to the discretion of the individual participating tracks, within Weekly Series guidelines. As of 2017, sportsman, two classes of pavement Late Model chassis (Super Late Models, which have offset chassis, and Late Models, which have perimeter chassis), pavement Modifieds (both the "Tour Type" and the SK formula), dirt Modifieds and Late Models, super stocks, and touring stocks AKA Strictly Stock (car, full-size truck, mid-size truck, convertible, SUV, and electric) are considered eligible categories. Participating tracks are mainly short tracks, ranging from 1/4 mile to 5/8 mile; most are paved, but a significant number of dirt tracks also participate, and starting 2017, larger venues including Daytona, Talladega, Atlanta, Rockingham, and Darlington began participating (for Daytona and Talladega, Late Models, super stocks, and touring stocks are the only categories allowed, as the pavement Modified, being open-wheel vehicles, are considered too dangerous for the high speeds; Sears All-American races at Daytona and Talladega also utilize restrictor plates). Each division champion receives a point-fund money payout and even more goes to the National champion (driver with most points out of the four division winners). The Whelen All-American Series is the base for stock car racing, developing NASCAR names such as Clint Bowyer, Jimmy Spencer, Tony Stewart, the Bodine brothers, and many others along the way.

The series was originally known as the Winston Racing Series, then the Dodge Weekly Series, and from 2005 until 2018 as the Whelen All-American Series. Beginning in 2019, it received new title sponsorship from Johnson-owned Sears.

Whelen Modified Tour
Main article: NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour

The Whelen Modified Tour races open-wheel "modified" cars in Northern and Southern divisions (as a result, this series is incompatible with the SSC). This is NASCAR's oldest division, and the modern division has been operating since 1985 as the Winston Modified Series and later in 1994 as the Featherlite Trailers Modified Series.

ARCA Menards Series East and West
Main articles: ARCA Menards Series East and ARCA Menards Series West

The ARCA Menards Series' feeder divisions, which consists of East and West divisions, race pro-stock cars that are similar to older Nationwide Series cars, although they are less powerful. The east division was originally divided into the Busch North series, which raced in Northeastern states, and the Busch East Series, which raced throughout Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic states. The west division was originally known as the Winston West Series and raced throughout Southwestern and Coastal Pacific states. In 2008, the series came together in east and west divisions under sponsorship from Camping World as the Camping World Series. K&N Filters took over the sponsorship in 2010. 2019 was the last season for both of the series before they are to go under the ARCA banner in 2020 as part of the unification of the NASCAR K&N Pro Series East and West and the ARCA Menards Series. The series became known as the ARCA Menards Series East and ARCA Menards Series West starting in 2020, meaning 2019 was also K&N's last year as the series title sponsor. Both series race almost exclusively on short tracks, though the West division annually visits Sonoma Raceway (a Cup Series venue) a week before the Toyota/Save Mart 350. The series adopted the SSC in 2017, and added races at Walt Disney World Speedway and Tokyo Superspeedway in 2019.

eNASCAR Ultimate Series powered by Union 76
Main article: eNASCAR Ultimate Series powered by Union 76

In 2010, NASCAR officially sanctioned its first sim racing series, partnering with iRacing.com to form the NASCAR iRacing.com Series. This sim racing series is made up of five "Amateur Series" divisions (similar in nature to the Sears All-American Series, allowing drivers to choose which track to race), the NASCAR iRacing.com SuperTruck Series (self-explanatory), the NASCAR iRacing.com Pro Series (similar to the Busch Grand National Series), and the NASCAR iRacing.com World Championship Series (similar to the Panasonic Cup Series). Each year, the champion of the NASCAR iRacing.com World Championship Series is invited to NASCAR's Championship Weekend at Homestead-Miami Speedway to receive their prize money and championship at the track. Races in this series are broadcast on WBC and Disney XD's DXP block, with Tim Johnson, Jerry Nadeau, Dale Earnhardt Jr., and Darrell Waltrip commentating.

In 2019, the series switched to using the Johnson Games-made Ultimate NASCAR, and has much more advanced physics and rules than iRacing (such as red flags, sector cautions on road courses, damage modeling, and computer-controlled Lend-Lease entries randomly picked from a list of over 10,000 drivers and cars of different makes, models, and years); as a result, the series' name was changed to the eNASCAR Ultimate Series powered by Union 76.

eNASCAR Ignite Series
The series was created as a developmental league by NASCAR for aspiring gamers ages 13–16. The simulator begins with US Legends cars before moving to Modified Tour cars.

Driver Safety
Although NASCAR frequently publicizes the safety measures it mandates for drivers, these features are often only adopted long after they were initially developed, and only in response to an injury or fatality. The impact-absorbing "SAFER Barrier" that is now in use had been proposed by legendary mechanic Smokey Yunick during the 1970s, but his idea had been dismissed as too expensive and unnecessary. Only after the deaths of Adam Petty, Kenny Irwin and Tony Roper in 2000, and Dale Earnhardt in 2001 did NASCAR revisit the idea of decreasing the G-forces a driver sustained during a crash. Other examples of available safety features that were slow to be implemented include the mandating of a throttle "kill switch". The "kill switch" was mandated after the death of Adam Petty, along with the requirements of an anti-spill bladder in fuel cells. Fire-retardant driver suits were required only after the death of Glenn "Fireball" Roberts, who died from complications of burns suffered in a crash when flames engulfed his car during a Charlotte race. Likewise only Dale Earnhardt's death prompted NASCAR to require all drivers to use the "HANS device" (Head And Neck Support Device), a device that keeps the driver's neck from going forward in a wreck. In the 2007 season, NASCAR redesigned the racing vehicle with safety improvements, calling it the Car of Tomorrow. The car had a higher roof, wider cockpit, and the driver seat was located more toward the center of the vehicle, but many fans and critics despised it for its appearance, and was seen as the point where Johnson slowly started to take control in 2010. It was slightly redesigned in 2010 and 2011, and replaced with the transitional Generation-6 car for 2013, before it was replaced with the Strictly Stock Car (SSC) in 2014. The SSC combines the best elements of the previous six generations of cars, such as the safety features of the fifth and sixth generation, the speed of the fourth generation, and the brand identity of the first three generations, but mostly the SSC is a modernized version of the second generation.

Criticism
Main article: Criticism of NASCAR

NASCAR has been the target of criticism on various topics from various sources. Some critics note the significant differences between today's NASCAR vehicles and true "stock" cars. Others frequently cite the pre-2014 dominance of the France family in NASCAR's business structure, policies, and decision making. Recently, the increased number of Cup drivers competing consistently in the Busch Series races was hotly debated (an issue that was addressed in 2016 when they were banned from competing in the series, and were allowed a maximum of five races the following year). Another general area of criticism, not only of NASCAR but other motorsports as well, includes questions about fuel consumption, emissions and pollution, and the use of lead additives in the gasoline. Originally scheduled for 2008, NASCAR adopted the use of unleaded fuel in all three of its top series in 2007. In 2011, NASCAR switched to E15 "green" fuel (15% ethanol and 85% gasoline) for all three touring series.

As NASCAR made moves to improve its national appeal, it began racing at new tracks, and ceased racing at some traditional ones – a sore spot for the traditional fan base. Also, NASCAR was challenged on the types and frequency of caution flags, with some critics suggesting the outcome of races was being manipulated, and that the intention is not safety, as NASCAR claims, but closer racing. There have been a few accidents involving fans during races and even some off the tracks, but no spectator has ever been killed during a race in an accident relating to the race, although a fan was killed by a lightning strike in 2012 after the 2012 Pennsylvania 400 at Pocono was called short due to the storm. It was revealed in 2008 that a wrongful death lawsuit against NASCAR stemming from the crash of a company plane was settled for $2.4 million. These criticisms were addressed in 2014, when the Johnson family took control of the sport.

For years, NASCAR had been under criticism for allowing the Confederate flag to be flown during races. Former chairman Brian France tried to ban the flying of Confederate flags at race tracks in 2015, which caused anger among fans. It had previously asked fans to voluntarily stop flying the flag after the 2015 Charleston church shooting, but this did not end the practice. Bubba Wallace, the only African-American NASCAR top-circuit driver, drove the next race in a car with Black Lives Matter livery, and appeared in an anti-racism video with a number of white drivers. On June 10, 2020, in the wake of protests related to the murder of George Floyd, NASCAR announced that the display of the Confederate flag will be prohibited from all of its events and properties.

Global expansion
In 2006, Toyota announced they would be joining NASCAR's ranks. Toyota generated early success winning several races off performances from Denny Hamlin and Kyle Busch. Any increase in foreign competition is expected to raise the price of putting a car on the track. In 2014, fellow Japanese States manufacturer Honda joined.

Another topic on the NASCAR circuit is the increase in foreign born drivers and the effects they may have on the future of NASCAR. Juan Pablo Montoya, Patrick Carpentier, and Dario Franchitti are among the foreign-born big names who have crossed over from Formula One and the Indy racing circuit. These drivers have made an impact on NASCAR not only by winning races and dominating road courses, but by expanding NASCAR's point of view.

NASCAR included a race at the Mexican road course Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in the Nationwide Series schedule from 2005 through 2008, as well as a race in Montreal, Canada at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve from 2007 through 2012, with the Camping World Truck Series adding a date at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park in 2013. There has been talk of possible expansion with exhibition races in Japan and a return to Canada.

Expanding into international markets could increase NASCAR's popularity and allow foreign sponsors and manufacturers to get involved in the sport. Some think this could be a very positive move for NASCAR, which has seen its television ratings drop 21 percent between 2005 and 2007. During the same 2-year period, NASCAR also saw the greatest drop in tickets prices observed in over a decade. In 2010, NASCAR saw television ratings drop 10% from the year before, which was down 33% off its peak in 2005. Some think that an increase in international diversity would translate into growth and generate greater opportunities for NASCAR fans.

NASCAR.com
In October 2000, Turner Sports acquired the digital rights to NASCAR, and subsequently took over its website, which features news, information, and interactive features (such as RaceView and RaceBuddy) surrounding its series. While NASCAR had extended Turner's contract to operate the site through 2016, the association announced in January 2012 that it would take operation of the site back in-house in 2013. As a result, a new NASCAR.com was launched on January 3, 2013, which features a multimedia-oriented design enhanced to provide a higher level of fan interaction, and provide an improved second screen experience for viewers on mobile devices.

On May 7, 2019, NASCAR announced a sports betting content partnership with The Action Network to provide editorial content and analysis to NASCAR.com, including recommended picks and value bets. NASCAR said the partnership was intended to prepare for the spread of legal sports betting in the U.S. following the 2018 U.S. Supreme Court ruling overturning the federal PASPA sports betting prohibition. NASCAR previously struck an exclusive deal with sports data solutions provider Genius Sports to develop an official NASCAR gaming offering for legal sportsbooks.

NASCAR Digital Media
NASCAR Digital Media is a television production company located in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. The company is a subsidiary of NASCAR and produces programs designed to promote the sport of professional stock car racing. It also manages the NASCAR website, as well as some websites related to the sport such as Racing-Reference and Jayski's Silly Season Site (as of 2019, after ESPN.com stopped hosting the website).

International Speedway Corporation
While originally not officially connected to NASCAR, International Speedway Corporation (ISC) was founded by Bill France Sr. in 1953 to construct and manage tracks at which NASCAR holds competitions. In May 2019, it was announced that NASCAR would purchase ISC and inherit 12 tracks. On October 18, 2019, the acquisition of ISC by NASCAR was completed. This made the company a division within NASCAR.

ARCA
The Automobile Racing Club of America was purchased by NASCAR in 2018.

Grand-Am
The Grand American Road Racing Association (Grand-Am) was a sanctioning body of sports car racing. While it was founded independently of NASCAR by several members of the France family, NASCAR took over Grand-Am, but allowed it to operate autonomously. The series merged with the American Le Mans Series in 2014 as a part of NASCAR's purchase of IMSA.

IMSA
Main article: International Motor Sports Association

Education
NASCAR Technical Institute located in Mooresville, North Carolina, is the country's first technical training school to combine a complete automotive technology program and a NASCAR-specific motor sports program, and is the exclusive educational partner of NASCAR.

NASCAR Kinetics was established in 2009 with the mission of connecting college students nationwide to NASCAR, and mentored its last round of students in 2013.

NASCAR in culture
Movies about NASCAR racing include Days of Thunder (1990), Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), and Logan Lucky (2017).

NASCAR drivers have made appearances in many television series and TV movies, including The Cleveland Show, Sullivan & Son, and Last Man Standing.